Structures

Upper limb

Bones, muscles, and ligaments of the shoulder girdle, arm, and hand.

232 entries

• Abductor Digiti Minimi (hand)Abduction of the little finger; assists opposition of the little finger to the thumbMusculus abductor digiti minimi manus
• Abductor Pollicis BrevisAbduction of the thumb (away from the palm, anteriorly); essential part of the opposition movementMusculus abductor pollicis brevis
• Abductor Pollicis LongusAbduction and (partly) extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; assists radial abduction of the…Musculus abductor pollicis longus
• Acromioclavicular capsule & articular discEncloses the AC joint plane and provides intra-articular shock absorption and congruenceCapsula articularis et discus acromioclavicularis
• Acromioclavicular ligamentReinforces the superior AC joint capsule, providing primary horizontal stability against anteroposterior…Ligamentum acromioclaviculare
• Adductor PollicisAdduction of the thumb toward the palm; principal muscle for key pinch gripMusculus adductor pollicis
• Adductor Pollicis, Oblique HeadAdduction of the thumb; the larger of the two headsMusculus adductor pollicis (caput obliquum)
• Adductor Pollicis, Transverse HeadAdduction of the thumb; acts as the horizontal, fan-shaped head beneath the oblique headMusculus adductor pollicis (caput transversum)
• AnconeusAssists extension of the elbow and stabilizes the elbow joint during pronation and supinationMusculus anconeus
• Annular ligament of the radiusEncircles and secures the radial head against the ulna during forearm pronation and supinationLigamentum anulare radii
• Anterior circumflex humeral arterySupplies the glenohumeral joint, humeral head via its ascending anterolateral branch, and deltoid muscleArteria circumflexa humeri anterior
• Anterior interosseous arterySupplies deep volar muscles (FPL, FDP, pronator quadratus) and provides major nutrient arteries to radius and…Arteria interossea anterior
• Anterior ulnar recurrent arterySupplies the medial anterior elbow joint capsule and flexor origins; contributes to cubital anastomosisArteria recurrens ulnaris anterior
• Anulus fibrosus of cervical intervertebral discs (C2–T1)Retains nucleus pulposus and resists tensile, compressive, and torsional stresses in the cervical spineAnulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis (pars cervicalis)
• Anulus fibrosus of thoracic intervertebral discs (T1–L1)Encloses thoracic nucleus pulposus; stabilizes the thoracic cage against axial loadingAnulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis (pars thoracica)
• Articular cartilage of carpus and distal radius (All 8 carpal bones & radius)Ensures frictionless multi-axial gliding across the carpal vault, distributing high compressive grasp forcesCartilagines articulares ossium carpi et radii distalis
• Articular cartilage of metacarpals and phalanges of hand (MCP, PIP, DIP)Enables frictionless flexion and precise dexterity during power grip and fine pinch activitiesCartilagines articulares metacarpalium et phalangium manus
• Articular cartilage of shoulder girdle (Humeral head, Glenoid, AC, SC)Provides smooth, low-friction gliding and distributes compressive forces across shoulder articulationsCartilagines articulares cinguli pectoralis et humeri
• Articular cartilage of the elbow (Trochlea, Capitellum, Radial head, Trochlear notch)Enables frictionless hinge motion and axial rotation of radial head on capitellumCartilagines articulares cubiti
• Axillary arteryPrimary arterial conduit supplying oxygenated blood to the shoulder girdle, thoracic wall, and entire upper…Arteria axillaris
• Axillary nerveMotor to deltoid (all three bellies) and teres minor; sensory to the 'regimental badge' area of the lateral…Nervus axillaris
• Axillary veinMajor deep venous trunk draining deoxygenated blood from the upper extremity and pectoral regionVena axillaris
• Basilic veinMajor venous pathway draining the medial aspect of the hand and forearm into the deep axillary systemVena basilica
• Biceps Brachii, Long HeadFlexes the elbow, supinates the forearm; also acts as a weak stabilizer of the humeral head and shoulder…Musculus biceps brachii (caput longum)
• Biceps Brachii, Short HeadFlexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm; assists shoulder flexionMusculus biceps brachii, caput breve
• Brachial and antebrachial fascia, intermuscular septa & bicipital aponeurosisEncloses anterior and posterior muscular compartments, enhances venous return pump, and protects brachial…Fascia brachii, antebrachii et septa intermuscularia
• Brachial arteryPrincipal artery supplying oxygenated blood to the anterior arm, forearm, and handArteria brachialis
• Brachial veins (Venae comitantes of brachial artery)Deep venous drainage of the forearm and anterior arm muscles assisted by arteriovenous pulsation pumpVenae brachiales
• BrachialisPrimary flexor of the elbowMusculus brachialis
• Brachiocephalic trunk (Innominate artery)Delivers blood to the right upper extremity, right neck, face, and right cerebral hemisphereTruncus brachiocephalicus
• BrachioradialisFlexion of the elbow, most powerful in the mid-position between pronation and supinationMusculus brachioradialis
• Capitate boneForms the axis the wrist moves around: all the movement axes of the wrist run roughly through the head of…Os capitatum
• Capsules, collateral ligaments, and palmar plates of digits (MCP, PIP, DIP)Cam-effect of MCP collaterals (loose in extension for spread, taut in 90° flexion for grip); volar plates…Capsulae, ligamenta collateralia et palmaria digitorum manus (MCP, PIP, DIP)
• Carpal bonesForms flexible arch of the wrist and structural floor/walls of the carpal tunnelOssa carpi
• Carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal ligaments (CMC & MC joints)Anchors metacarpals to carpus; creates rigid central pillar (CMC II–III) while allowing mobile thumb…Ligamenta carpometacarpalia et intermetacarpea
• Cephalic veinMajor superficial venous conduit draining the lateral hand, forearm, and shoulderVena cephalica
• Circumflex scapular arteryKey contributor to the rich peri-scapular anastomotic network on the dorsal surface of the scapulaArteria circumflexa scapulae
• CollarboneActs as mechanical strut keeping upper limb away from thorax; transmits forces to axial skeleton; protects…Clavicula
• Common carotid arteryPrimary arterial conduit supplying oxygenated blood to the head, neck, face, and cerebral hemispheresArteria carotis communis
• Common flexor tendon sheath (Ulnar bursa)Provides comprehensive synovial lubrication preventing friction among crowded flexor tendons in the carpal…Vagina communis tendinum musculorum flexorum
• Common interosseous arteryPrimary arterial feeder to the deep forearm musculature, radius, ulna, and interosseous membraneArteria interossea communis
• Common Tendon of Biceps BrachiiPowerful flexion and supination of the elbow (biceps is the strongest supinator, especially in flexion)Tendo musculi bicipitis brachii
• Coracoacromial ligamentForms the coracoacromial arch (roof of shoulder joint), preventing superior dislocation of the humeral headLigamentum coracoacromiale
• CoracobrachialisFlexes and adducts the shoulderMusculus coracobrachialis
• Coracoclavicular ligament (Conoid & Trapezoid ligaments)Primary vertical stabilizer of the clavicle relative to the scapula; couples scapular tilt to clavicular…Ligamentum coracoclaviculare (Lig. trapezoideum & Lig. conoideum)
• Coracohumeral ligamentSuspends the adducted humeral head against gravity, limits external rotation, and stabilizes the long head of…Ligamentum coracohumerale
• Cords of brachial plexus (Lateral, medial, posterior)Organize and route sensory and motor axons to their terminal peripheral nerve destinationsFasciculi plexus brachialis (lateralis, medialis, posterior)
• Costocervical trunkSupplies the deep suboccipital/posterior cervical muscles and the first two intercostal spacesTruncus costocervicalis
• Deep artery of arm (Profunda brachii artery)Primary blood supply to triceps brachii and posterior arm; contributes to the elbow collateral anastomotic…Arteria profunda brachii
• Deep palmar archSupplies deep structures of the hand, metacarpals, and interosseous muscles; anastomoses with superficial archArcus palmaris profundus
• Deltoid, acromial part (middle fibers)Abduction of the shoulder from ~15° onwardMusculus deltoideus (pars acromialis)
• Deltoid, clavicular part (anterior fibers)Flexion (anteflexion) and internal rotation of the shoulderMusculus deltoideus (pars clavicularis)
• Deltoid, spinal part (posterior fibers)Extension (retroflexion) and external rotation of the shoulderMusculus deltoideus (pars spinalis)
• Digital flexor pulley system of hand (Annular A1–A5 and Cruciform C1–C3 pulleys)Prevents tendon bowstringing and optimizes mechanical excursion; A2 (proximal phalanx) and A4 (middle…Ligamenta anularia et cruciformia digitorum manus (Pulleys A1–A5, C1–C3)
• Divisions of brachial plexus (Anterior and posterior)Fundamental anatomical segregation into anterior flexor supply and posterior extensor supply of the limbDivisiones plexus brachialis (anteriores et posteriores)
• Dorsal carpal network and archSupplies the carpal bones, dorsal radiocarpal ligaments, and dorsal metacarpal spacesRete carpale dorsale et arcus carpalis dorsalis
• Dorsal digital artery of thumb (Dorsalis pollicis)Supplies the dorsal skin, subcutaneous tissue, and extensor apparatus of the thumbArteria dorsalis pollicis
• Dorsal metacarpal and dorsal digital arteriesSupply the dorsum of the hand, dorsal interossei, and dorsal aspects of proximal phalangesArteriae metacarpales dorsales et digitales dorsales
• Dorsal scapular arterySupplies rhomboids, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, and contributes to the periscapular arterial…Arteria scapularis dorsalis
• Dorsal scapular nerveMotor innervation to rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulaeNervus dorsalis scapulae
• Dorsal venous network of handPrincipal superficial venous drainage of the hand, facilitating unobstructed return during graspingRete venosum dorsale manus et venae digitales dorsales
• Elbow bursae (Subcutaneous/subtendinous olecranon & bicipitoradial bursae)Reduces friction for triceps, biceps tendons, and skin over bony elbow prominencesBursae cubitales et olecrani
• Elbow joint capsuleEncloses humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints within a single synovial cavityCapsula articularis cubiti
• Extensor Carpi Radialis BrevisExtends the wrist and stabilizes it during finger movementsMusculus extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Extensor Carpi Radialis LongusExtends the wrist and moves it into radial deviationMusculus extensor carpi radialis longus
• Extensor Carpi UlnarisExtends the wrist and moves it into ulnar deviationMusculus extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (humeral head)Extends and adducts (ulnarly deviates) the wristMusculus extensor carpi ulnaris (caput humerale)
• Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Ulnar HeadExtension and ulnar deviation of the wristMusculus extensor carpi ulnaris, caput ulnare
• Extensor Digiti MinimiExtends the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, independently of the other…Musculus extensor digiti minimi
• Extensor DigitorumExtends fingers 2 through 5 at the metacarpophalangeal joint and assists wrist extensionMusculus extensor digitorum
• Extensor expansion of the hand (Extensor hood, lateral bands, intertendinous connections)Complex biomechanical apparatus coordinating MCP extension with PIP and DIP extension; balances intrinsic and…Apparatus extensorius digitorum manus (Extensor hoods, Lateral bands, Connexus intertendinei)
• Extensor Hood of the Index FingerDistributes the pulling force of the extensors and intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and distal…Aponeurosis dorsalis digiti II manus
• Extensor Hood of the Little FingerDistributes the pulling force of the extensors and intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and distal…Aponeurosis dorsalis digiti V manus
• Extensor Hood of the Middle FingerDistributes the pulling force of extensor digitorum and the intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and…Aponeurosis dorsalis digiti III manus
• Extensor Hood of the Ring FingerDistributes the pulling force of extensor digitorum and the intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and…Aponeurosis dorsalis digiti IV manus
• Extensor IndicisExtends the index finger independently of the other fingersMusculus extensor indicis
• Extensor Pollicis BrevisExtends the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and contributes to abductionMusculus extensor pollicis brevis
• Extensor Pollicis LongusExtends the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and adducts the thumbMusculus extensor pollicis longus
• Extensor Retinaculum (Wrist)A broad fibrous band running transversely across the dorsal wrist that holds the extensor tendons of the…Retinaculum musculorum extensorum
• Extensor retinaculum and dorsal extensor tendon sheaths of wrist (Compartments I–VI)Retinaculum prevents extensor tendon bowstringing; synovial sheaths provide low-friction glide channels for…Retinaculum extensorum et vaginae tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi et digitorum
• External jugular veinDrains venous blood from the scalp, face, and superficial cervical regionsVena jugularis externa
• Extrinsic wrist ligaments (Palmar and dorsal radio- and ulnocarpal ligaments)Primary extrinsic stabilizers preventing ulnar and volar translocation of the carpus on the inclined radial…Ligamenta radiocarpalia, ulnocarpalia et radioulnaria
• Fibrous flexor sheaths and digital pulley systemPrevents tendon bowstringing during flexion, converting linear muscle contraction into efficient joint…Vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus (pulley-systeem)
• First Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the index finger (away from the middle finger axis); assists MCP flexion and IP joint extensionMusculus interosseus dorsalis I manus
• First LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the index fingerMusculus lumbricalis I manus
• First Palmar InterosseousAdduction of the index finger toward the middle finger axisMusculus interosseus palmaris I
• Flexor Carpi RadialisFlexes the wrist and moves it into radial deviationMusculus flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor Carpi UlnarisFlexes the wrist and moves it into ulnar deviationMusculus flexor carpi ulnaris
• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (humeral head)Flexes and adducts (ulnarly deviates) the wristMusculus flexor carpi ulnaris (caput humerale)
• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Ulnar HeadFlexion and ulnar deviation of the wristMusculus flexor carpi ulnaris, caput ulnare
• Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Hand)Flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little fingerMusculus flexor digiti minimi brevis manus
• Flexor Digitorum ProfundusFlexes the DIP joints (and to a lesser extent the PIP, MCP joints and wrist) of fingers 2–5Musculus flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (humeroulnar head)Flexes the PIP joints of fingers 2–5; assists flexion of the MCP joints and wristMusculus flexor digitorum superficialis (caput humeroulnare)
• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (radial head)Flexes the PIP joints of fingers 2–5Musculus flexor digitorum superficialis (caput radiale)
• Flexor Pollicis BrevisFlexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumbMusculus flexor pollicis brevis
• Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Superficial HeadFlexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumbMusculus flexor pollicis brevis, caput superficiale
• Flexor Pollicis LongusFlexes the interphalangeal joint and the MCP joint of the thumbMusculus flexor pollicis longus
• Flexor retinaculum of the hand, carpal tunnel & flexor tendon sheathsForms roof of carpal tunnel, preventing bowstringing of 9 flexor tendons and median nerve; synovial sheaths…Retinaculum flexorum manus et vaginae tendinum flexorum
• Fourth Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the ring finger toward the ulnar side (toward the little finger)Musculus interosseus dorsalis IV manus
• Fourth LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the little fingerMusculus lumbricalis IV manus
• Glenohumeral joint capsuleProvides expansive loose envelope accommodating extensive multi-planar range of motionCapsula articularis glenohumeralis
• Glenohumeral ligaments (Superior, Middle, and Inferior / IGHL complex)Primary passive anterior stabilizers: SGHL resists inferior translation at 0° abduction; MGHL resists…Ligamenta glenohumeralia (SGHL, MGHL, IGHL)
• Glenoid labrumDeepens glenoid socket by 50%, enhances articular surface area, and provides seal for negative…Labrum glenoidale
• Hamate boneCloses the carpal tunnel on the ulnar side and at the same time forms the radial wall of Guyon canal; the…Os hamatum
• Inferior ulnar collateral arteryCompletes the anteromedial periarticular anastomotic ring of the elbowArteria collateralis ulnaris inferior
• InfraspinatusExternal rotation of the shoulder; stabilizes the humeral head in the glenoid fossaMusculus infraspinatus
• Internal thoracic artery (Internal mammary artery / LIMA)Supplies anterior chest wall, sternum, breast, pericardium, and anterior intercostal spacesArteria thoracica interna
• Interosseous membrane of the forearmTransfers axial compressive loads from radius (80% wrist load) to ulna (major elbow articulation); origin for…Membrana interossea antebrachii
• Interosseous veins (Anterior and posterior)Provide deep venous drainage for the deep forearm compartments, radius, ulna, and interosseous membraneVenae interosseae (anteriores et posteriores)
• Intertubercular tendon sheath of biceps (Long head of biceps sheath)Enables frictionless excursion of the biceps tendon as it traverses the intertubercular sulcus of the humerusVagina tendinis intertubercularis
• Intrinsic intercarpal ligaments (Scapholunate, Lunotriquetral, Radiate, etc.)Critical intrinsic stabilizers: Scapholunate (SL) ligament prevents DISI deformity (dorsal intercalated…Ligamenta intercarpalia (SL, LT, STT, Radiate, etc.)
• Lateral thoracic arterySupplies serratus anterior, pectoralis muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and the lateral breast (lateral mammary…Arteria thoracica lateralis
• Lateral thoracic veinDrains deoxygenated blood from the anterolateral chest wall, breast, and axillary tissuesVena thoracica lateralis
• Latissimus dorsiAdduction, internal rotation and extension of the shoulderMusculus latissimus dorsi
• Levator ScapulaeElevation of the scapula; assists lateral flexion of the neck to the same sideMusculus levator scapulae
• Long thoracic nerve (Nerve of Bell)Pure motor innervation to the serratus anterior muscle (protraction and upward rotation of the scapula)Nervus thoracicus longus
• Lunate boneCarries the main load transfer from the hand to the radius and forms the hinge between the radial and ulnar…Os lunatum
• Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm)Pure sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior and posterior medial forearm down to the wristNervus cutaneus antebrachii medialis
• Medial brachial cutaneous nerve (Medial cutaneous nerve of arm)Pure sensory innervation to the skin of the medial aspect of the distal arm and axillary floorNervus cutaneus brachii medialis
• Median antebrachial veinDrains superficial venous blood from the palmar hand and anterior forearmVena mediana antebrachii
• Median cubital veinSuperficial venous shunt connecting the cephalic and basilic systems in the antecubital fossaVena mediana cubiti
• Median nerveMotor to forearm pronators, wrist flexors (except FCU), finger flexors (except medial FDP), thenar muscles…Nervus medianus
• Metacarpals and phalanges of the handProvides skeletal scaffold for palm and digits, enabling precision grip, power grip, and thumb oppositionOssa metacarpi et phalanges manus
• Middle collateral arterySupplies the medial head of triceps and forms the posterior olecranon rete articulare cubitiArteria collateralis media
• Musculocutaneous nerveMotor to the anterior arm flexor compartment (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis); sensory to the…Nervus musculocutaneus
• Oblique cord of forearm (Chorda obliqua)Resists distally directed traction forces applied to the radius, complementing the interosseous membraneChorda obliqua antebrachii
• Oblique cord of interosseous membrane (Chorda obliqua)Stabilizes the proximal radioulnar syndesmosis and limits longitudinal displacement of the radius during…Chorda obliqua membranae interosseae antebrachii
• Opponens Digiti MinimiOpposes (flexion + rotation) the little finger toward the thumb, deepening the palm during gripping movementsMusculus opponens digiti minimi
• Opponens PollicisOpposes the thumb toward the other fingers (basis of the pincer and cylindrical grip)Musculus opponens pollicis
• Palmar carpal branches (Palmar carpal network)Supplies the anterior carpal ligaments, volar periosteum, and wrist joint capsuleRami carpales palmares (rete carpale palmare)
• Palmar digital arteries (Common and proper)Primary arterial supply to the digits, flexor tendon sheaths, and fingertip pulpArteriae digitales palmares (communes et propriae)
• Palmar metacarpal arteriesSupply the interosseous muscles, metacarpal bones, and connect the deep arch to the digital circulationArteriae metacarpales palmares
• Palmar venous arches (Superficial and deep)Drain deoxygenated blood from the digits, thenar, hypothenar, and midpalmar compartmentsArcus venosi palmares (superficialis et profundus)
• Palmar venous network and digital veinsDrains the volar digits and palm, shunting blood to the dorsal venous system during palmar grippingRete venosum palmare et venae digitales palmares
• Palmaris BrevisWrinkles the skin of the hypothenar eminence and deepens the hollow of the palm, reinforcing the gripMusculus palmaris brevis
• Palmaris LongusTenses the palmar aponeurosis; weak wrist flexorMusculus palmaris longus
• Pectoral nerves (Lateral and medial)Motor innervation to pectoralis major (clavicular and sternocostal heads) and pectoralis minorNervi pectorales (lateralis et medialis)
• Pectoralis MajorAdduction and internal rotation of the arm; the clavicular head flexes the arm, the sternocostal head is the…Musculus pectoralis major
• Pectoralis Major, Abdominal HeadDepression of the arm and support of adduction; the smallest of the three headsMusculus pectoralis major (pars abdominalis)
• Pectoralis Major, Clavicular HeadFlexion and horizontal adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral jointMusculus pectoralis major (pars clavicularis)
• Pectoralis Major, Sternocostal HeadAdduction and internal rotation of the arm; the main depressor of a raised armMusculus pectoralis major (pars sternocostalis)
• Pectoralis MinorPulls the scapula forward and downward (protraction/depression); accessory muscle of respiration with a fixed…Musculus pectoralis minor
• Perforating branches of metacarpal arteriesProvide vital collateral communications between deep palmar and dorsal arterial systems of the handRami perforantes arteriarum metacarpalium
• Periscapular and scapulothoracic bursaeEnables frictionless multi-planar motion of the scapulothoracic articulation across the rib cageBursae cinguli pectoralis et scapulae
• Pisiform boneLengthens the lever arm of flexor carpi ulnaris and forms the ulnar wall of Guyon canal.Os pisiforme
• Posterior circumflex humeral arteryMajor blood supply to the deltoid muscle, teres minor, long/lateral heads of triceps, and shoulder capsuleArteria circumflexa humeri posterior
• Posterior interosseous arterySupplies the posterior forearm extensor muscles and contributes to the dorsal carpal arterial networkArteria interossea posterior
• Posterior ulnar recurrent arterySupplies the ulnar nerve (vasa nervorum) and the posteromedial aspect of the elbow jointArteria recurrens ulnaris posterior
• Princeps pollicis arteryPrincipal arterial supply to the thumb musculature, pulp, and nail matrixArteria princeps pollicis
• Pronator QuadratusThe primary pronator of the forearm, most active during fast or resisted pronationMusculus pronator quadratus
• Pronator Teres (humeral head)Pronates the forearm; weak flexor of the elbowMusculus pronator teres (caput humerale)
• Pronator Teres, Ulnar HeadPronation of the forearm and assists elbow flexionMusculus pronator teres, caput ulnare
• Quadrate ligament (Denucé's ligament)Reinforces the inferior capsule of the superior radioulnar joint; limits spin rotation in full pronation and…Ligamentum quadratum (Denucé)
• Radial arteryMajor blood supply to the lateral compartment of the forearm, thumb, index finger, and deep palmar structuresArteria radialis
• Radial collateral arteryForms the anterolateral component of the periarticular arterial anastomoses of the elbowArteria collateralis radialis
• Radial collateral ligament complex of the elbow (LCL / LUCL)Primary passive restraint against varus stress and posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI)Ligamentum collaterale radiale cubiti (LCL-complex)
• Radial nerveMotor to all extensor muscles of the arm (triceps, anconeus) and forearm (brachioradialis, wrist extensors,…Nervus radialis
• Radial recurrent arterySupplies lateral elbow soft tissues and contributes to the periarticular cubital arterial anastomosisArteria recurrens radialis
• Radial veins (Venae comitantes of radial artery)Deep venous drainage of the lateral hand, thumb, and radial forearm musculatureVenae radiales
• Radialis indicis arterySupplies the radial side of the index finger and first web space tissuesArteria radialis indicis
• Radiocarpal joint capsuleEncloses the radiocarpal synovial cavity; provides rich proprioceptive feedback for hand placementCapsula articularis radiocarpalis
• RadiusRotates around the ulna to produce forearm pronation and supination; forms major part of radiocarpal wrist…Radius
• Recurrent interosseous arterySupplies the posterior elbow capsule, anconeus muscle, and participates in the cubital arterial anastomosisArteria interossea recurrens
• Rhomboid MajorRetraction and elevation of the scapula; downwardly rotates the glenoid cavityMusculus rhomboideus major
• Rhomboid MinorRetraction and elevation of the scapulaMusculus rhomboideus minor
• Roots of the brachial plexusForm the first part of the brachial plexus and supply all motor and sensory innervation of shoulder, arm and…Radices plexus brachialis (C5-Th1)
• Scaphoid boneForms the radial pillar of the wrist and forces the two rows to move together; it tilts palmarly in radial…Os scaphoideum
• Scapholunate ligamentHolds the scaphoid and lunate together as one unit, so that the proximal carpal row turns as a whole during…Ligamentum scapholunatum interosseum
• Second Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the middle finger toward the radial side (toward the thumb)Musculus interosseus dorsalis II manus
• Second LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the middle fingerMusculus lumbricalis II manus
• Second Palmar InterosseousAdduction of the ring finger toward the middle finger axisMusculus interosseus palmaris II
• Serratus AnteriorProtracts the scapula and rotates it upward; holds the scapula against the thoracic wallMusculus serratus anterior
• Shoulder bladeForms mobile base for upper limb movement; glides on thoracic wall via scapulothoracic articulationScapula
• Sternoclavicular joint complex (Ligaments, capsule, and disc)Sole skeletal articulation connecting upper limb to the axial skeleton; costoclavicular ligament acts as the…Articulatio sternoclavicularis (Ligamenta, capsula et discus)
• Subacromial-subdeltoid bursaLargest bursa in the body, providing a low-friction gliding plane between the coracoacromial arch and rotator…Bursa subacromialis et bursa subdeltoidea
• Subclavian arteryPrimary arterial trunk for the upper limb, brain (vertebral artery), neck, and anterior thoracic wallArteria subclavia
• Subclavian nerve (Nerve to subclavius)Motor supply to subclavius muscle and sensory fibers to the sternoclavicular jointNervus subclavius
• Subclavian veinMajor venous trunk draining the upper limb and receiving lymphatic drainage at the venous angleVena subclavia
• SubclaviusStabilizes and slightly depresses the clavicle; protects the underlying neurovascular bundle (brachial…Musculus subclavius
• Subscapular arteryPrimary arterial source supplying scapular musculature, latissimus dorsi, and scapular collateral networkArteria subscapularis
• Subscapular nerves (Upper and lower)Motor innervation to subscapularis (internal rotator of humerus) and teres major (adduction/internal rotation)Nervi subscapulares (superior et inferior)
• SubscapularisInternal rotation of the shoulder; as part of the rotator cuff it stabilizes the humeral head in the glenoid…Musculus subscapularis
• Subtendinous Bursa of the InfraspinatusReduces friction between the infraspinatus tendon and the underlying shoulder joint capsuleBursa subtendinea musculi infraspinati
• Superficial palmar archPrimary source of oxygenated blood to the palmar aspects of digits II through VArcus palmaris superficialis
• Superficial veins of upper limbCutaneous thermoregulation and venous drainage of superficial arm tissuesVenae superficiales membri superioris
• Superior and inferior transverse scapular ligamentsConverts bony scapular notches into fibro-osseous tunnels transmitting suprascapular nerve and vesselsLigamenta transversa scapulae superius et inferius
• Superior thoracic arterySupplies the subclavius, upper pectoralis major/minor, and upper intercostal musclesArteria thoracica superior
• Superior ulnar collateral arterySupplies the ulnar nerve and participates in the posteromedial periarticular anastomosis of the elbowArteria collateralis ulnaris superior
• SupinatorSupination of the forearmMusculus supinator
• Suprascapular arterySupplies supraspinatus, infraspinatus, clavicle, and the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular jointsArteria suprascapularis
• Suprascapular nerveMotor to supraspinatus (initiates abduction 0–15°) and infraspinatus (external rotation); sensory to…Nervus suprascapularis
• SupraspinatusInitiates shoulder abduction (first ~15°) and stabilizes the glenohumeral joint (rotator cuff)Musculus supraspinatus
• Synovial digital flexor sheaths of handProvides synovial lubrication and metabolic support via vincula tendinum for FDS and FDP tendonsVaginae synoviales digitorum manus
• Tendon sheath of fifth extensor compartment (EDM)Ensures low-friction gliding of the independent small finger extensor across the DRUJVagina tendinis musculi extensoris digiti minimi
• Tendon sheath of first extensor compartment (APL and EPB)Facilitates low-friction gliding of the thumb abductor and extensor tendons across the radial styloid processVagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris brevis pollicis
• Tendon sheath of flexor carpi radialisGuides and lubricates the primary wrist flexor across the scaphoid and trapezium bonesVagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis
• Tendon sheath of flexor pollicis longus (Radial bursa)Provides low-friction synovial gliding and nutrition for the flexor pollicis longus tendonVagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi
• Tendon sheath of fourth extensor compartment (ED and EI)Facilitates frictionless excursion of the digital extensor tendons across the wrist jointVagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis
• Tendon sheath of second extensor compartment (ECRL and ECRB)Enables smooth excursion of the primary wrist extensors across the radiocarpal jointVagina tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium
• Tendon sheath of sixth extensor compartment (ECU)Provides dynamic stabilization to the ulnar side of the wrist while guiding wrist extension and ulnar…Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris
• Tendon Sheath of the Long Head of BicepsNo contractile function: the synovial sheath reduces friction of the long head of biceps tendon in the…Vagina synovialis intertubercularis (tendinis capitis longi musculi bicipitis brachii)
• Tendon sheath of third extensor compartment (EPL)Acts as a biomechanical pulley redirecting EPL vector across Lister's tubercle to enable thumb hyperextensionVagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi
• Teres MajorInternal rotation, adduction, and extension of the shoulderMusculus teres major
• Teres MinorExternal rotation of the shoulder; part of the rotator cuffMusculus teres minor
• Third Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the middle finger toward the ulnar side (toward the little finger)Musculus interosseus dorsalis III manus
• Third LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the ring fingerMusculus lumbricalis III manus
• Third Palmar InterosseousAdduction of the little finger toward the middle finger axisMusculus interosseus palmaris III
• Thoracoacromial arteryVascularizes deltoid, pectoralis major and minor, subclavius, and the acromioclavicular joint regionArteria thoracoacromialis
• Thoracodorsal arteryPrimary blood supply to the latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, and overlying cutaneous tissuesArteria thoracodorsalis
• Thyrocervical trunkSupplies the thyroid gland, larynx, pharynx, deep neck muscles, and scapular anastomosisTruncus thyrocervicalis
• Transverse cervical arterySupplies trapezius, levator scapulae, and deep posterior cervical musculatureArteria transversa cervicis
• Transverse humeral ligament and biceps tendon sheath (Brodie's ligament)Converts the intertubercular groove into a canal, retaining the long head of the biceps brachii tendon and…Ligamentum humerale transversum (Brodie) et vagina tendinis bicipitis
• Trapezium boneCarries the thumb base joint and so makes thumb opposition possible, the movement the human grasping hand…Os trapezium
• Trapezius, ascending part (lower fibers)Depresses the scapula (pulling the shoulder blade downward) and assists upward rotation of the glenoid cavityMusculus trapezius (pars ascendens)
• Trapezius, descending part (upper fibers)Elevates the scapula (shoulder shrug) and assists upward rotation of the glenoid cavity, together with the…Musculus trapezius (pars descendens)
• Trapezius, transverse part (middle fibers)Retracts the scapula (pulling the shoulder blades together) and assists upward rotation of the glenoid cavityMusculus trapezius (pars transversa)
• Trapezoid boneAnchors the second ray and so forms, with the capitate, the fixed central pillar around which the hand folds.Os trapezoideum
• Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC / Ulnocarpal disc)Primary stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and major shock absorber of the ulnar wrist…Complexus fibrocartilagineus triangularis (TFCC / Discus articularis ulnocarpalis)
• Triceps BrachiiExtends the elbow; the long head also extends and adducts the shoulderMusculus triceps brachii
• Triceps Brachii, Lateral HeadExtends the elbowMusculus triceps brachii (caput laterale)
• Triceps Brachii, Long HeadExtends the elbow; also extends and adducts the shoulder (crosses both joints)Musculus triceps brachii (caput longum)
• Triceps Brachii, Medial HeadExtends the elbowMusculus triceps brachii (caput mediale)
• Triquetral boneCarries the ulnar pillar of the wrist and limits ulnar deviation through its oblique contact with the hamate.Os triquetrum
• Trunks of brachial plexus (Superior, middle, inferior)Primary conduit distributing all motor and sensory fibers to the upper extremity and shoulder girdleTrunci plexus brachialis (superior, medius, inferior)
• UlnaActs as stabilizing axis for the forearm and primary hinge of the elbow jointUlna
• Ulnar arteryPrimary arterial supply to the medial forearm flexors, hypothenar eminence, and digits via the superficial…Arteria ulnaris
• Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbowMain stabiliser against valgus load at the elbow; the anterior band is the strongest partLigamentum collaterale ulnare (cubiti)
• Ulnar collateral ligament of the wristLimits radial deviation of the wrist and stabilises its ulnar sideLigamentum collaterale carpi ulnare
• Ulnar nerveMotor to FCU, medial half of FDP, all hypothenar muscles, all interossei, lumbricals 3 & 4, adductor…Nervus ulnaris
• Ulnar veins (Venae comitantes of ulnar artery)Deep venous drainage of the medial hand, hypothenar eminence, and anterior medial forearm musclesVenae ulnares
• Upper arm boneLong bone of the upper arm providing structural framework and lever for arm elevation, rotation, and elbow…Humerus
• Vertebral arterySupplies blood to the cervical spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior cerebral hemispheres (circle…Arteria vertebralis