Structures
Upper limb
Bones, muscles, and ligaments of the shoulder girdle, arm, and hand.
232 entries
- Abductor Digiti Minimi (hand)Abduction of the little finger; assists opposition of the little finger to the thumb
- Abductor Pollicis BrevisAbduction of the thumb (away from the palm, anteriorly); essential part of the opposition movement
- Abductor Pollicis LongusAbduction and (partly) extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; assists radial abduction of the…
- Acromioclavicular capsule & articular discEncloses the AC joint plane and provides intra-articular shock absorption and congruence
- Acromioclavicular ligamentReinforces the superior AC joint capsule, providing primary horizontal stability against anteroposterior…
- Adductor PollicisAdduction of the thumb toward the palm; principal muscle for key pinch grip
- Adductor Pollicis, Oblique HeadAdduction of the thumb; the larger of the two heads
- Adductor Pollicis, Transverse HeadAdduction of the thumb; acts as the horizontal, fan-shaped head beneath the oblique head
- AnconeusAssists extension of the elbow and stabilizes the elbow joint during pronation and supination
- Annular ligament of the radiusEncircles and secures the radial head against the ulna during forearm pronation and supination
- Anterior circumflex humeral arterySupplies the glenohumeral joint, humeral head via its ascending anterolateral branch, and deltoid muscle
- Anterior interosseous arterySupplies deep volar muscles (FPL, FDP, pronator quadratus) and provides major nutrient arteries to radius and…
- Anterior ulnar recurrent arterySupplies the medial anterior elbow joint capsule and flexor origins; contributes to cubital anastomosis
- Anulus fibrosus of cervical intervertebral discs (C2–T1)Retains nucleus pulposus and resists tensile, compressive, and torsional stresses in the cervical spine
- Anulus fibrosus of thoracic intervertebral discs (T1–L1)Encloses thoracic nucleus pulposus; stabilizes the thoracic cage against axial loading
- Articular cartilage of carpus and distal radius (All 8 carpal bones & radius)Ensures frictionless multi-axial gliding across the carpal vault, distributing high compressive grasp forces
- Articular cartilage of metacarpals and phalanges of hand (MCP, PIP, DIP)Enables frictionless flexion and precise dexterity during power grip and fine pinch activities
- Articular cartilage of shoulder girdle (Humeral head, Glenoid, AC, SC)Provides smooth, low-friction gliding and distributes compressive forces across shoulder articulations
- Articular cartilage of the elbow (Trochlea, Capitellum, Radial head, Trochlear notch)Enables frictionless hinge motion and axial rotation of radial head on capitellum
- Axillary arteryPrimary arterial conduit supplying oxygenated blood to the shoulder girdle, thoracic wall, and entire upper…
- Axillary nerveMotor to deltoid (all three bellies) and teres minor; sensory to the 'regimental badge' area of the lateral…
- Axillary veinMajor deep venous trunk draining deoxygenated blood from the upper extremity and pectoral region
- Basilic veinMajor venous pathway draining the medial aspect of the hand and forearm into the deep axillary system
- Biceps Brachii, Long HeadFlexes the elbow, supinates the forearm; also acts as a weak stabilizer of the humeral head and shoulder…
- Biceps Brachii, Short HeadFlexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm; assists shoulder flexion
- Brachial and antebrachial fascia, intermuscular septa & bicipital aponeurosisEncloses anterior and posterior muscular compartments, enhances venous return pump, and protects brachial…
- Brachial arteryPrincipal artery supplying oxygenated blood to the anterior arm, forearm, and hand
- Brachial veins (Venae comitantes of brachial artery)Deep venous drainage of the forearm and anterior arm muscles assisted by arteriovenous pulsation pump
- BrachialisPrimary flexor of the elbow
- Brachiocephalic trunk (Innominate artery)Delivers blood to the right upper extremity, right neck, face, and right cerebral hemisphere
- BrachioradialisFlexion of the elbow, most powerful in the mid-position between pronation and supination
- Capitate boneForms the axis the wrist moves around: all the movement axes of the wrist run roughly through the head of…
- Capsules, collateral ligaments, and palmar plates of digits (MCP, PIP, DIP)Cam-effect of MCP collaterals (loose in extension for spread, taut in 90° flexion for grip); volar plates…
- Carpal bonesForms flexible arch of the wrist and structural floor/walls of the carpal tunnel
- Carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal ligaments (CMC & MC joints)Anchors metacarpals to carpus; creates rigid central pillar (CMC II–III) while allowing mobile thumb…
- Cephalic veinMajor superficial venous conduit draining the lateral hand, forearm, and shoulder
- Circumflex scapular arteryKey contributor to the rich peri-scapular anastomotic network on the dorsal surface of the scapula
- CollarboneActs as mechanical strut keeping upper limb away from thorax; transmits forces to axial skeleton; protects…
- Common carotid arteryPrimary arterial conduit supplying oxygenated blood to the head, neck, face, and cerebral hemispheres
- Common flexor tendon sheath (Ulnar bursa)Provides comprehensive synovial lubrication preventing friction among crowded flexor tendons in the carpal…
- Common interosseous arteryPrimary arterial feeder to the deep forearm musculature, radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
- Common Tendon of Biceps BrachiiPowerful flexion and supination of the elbow (biceps is the strongest supinator, especially in flexion)
- Coracoacromial ligamentForms the coracoacromial arch (roof of shoulder joint), preventing superior dislocation of the humeral head
- CoracobrachialisFlexes and adducts the shoulder
- Coracoclavicular ligament (Conoid & Trapezoid ligaments)Primary vertical stabilizer of the clavicle relative to the scapula; couples scapular tilt to clavicular…
- Coracohumeral ligamentSuspends the adducted humeral head against gravity, limits external rotation, and stabilizes the long head of…
- Cords of brachial plexus (Lateral, medial, posterior)Organize and route sensory and motor axons to their terminal peripheral nerve destinations
- Costocervical trunkSupplies the deep suboccipital/posterior cervical muscles and the first two intercostal spaces
- Deep artery of arm (Profunda brachii artery)Primary blood supply to triceps brachii and posterior arm; contributes to the elbow collateral anastomotic…
- Deep palmar archSupplies deep structures of the hand, metacarpals, and interosseous muscles; anastomoses with superficial arch
- Deltoid, acromial part (middle fibers)Abduction of the shoulder from ~15° onward
- Deltoid, clavicular part (anterior fibers)Flexion (anteflexion) and internal rotation of the shoulder
- Deltoid, spinal part (posterior fibers)Extension (retroflexion) and external rotation of the shoulder
- Digital flexor pulley system of hand (Annular A1–A5 and Cruciform C1–C3 pulleys)Prevents tendon bowstringing and optimizes mechanical excursion; A2 (proximal phalanx) and A4 (middle…
- Divisions of brachial plexus (Anterior and posterior)Fundamental anatomical segregation into anterior flexor supply and posterior extensor supply of the limb
- Dorsal carpal network and archSupplies the carpal bones, dorsal radiocarpal ligaments, and dorsal metacarpal spaces
- Dorsal digital artery of thumb (Dorsalis pollicis)Supplies the dorsal skin, subcutaneous tissue, and extensor apparatus of the thumb
- Dorsal metacarpal and dorsal digital arteriesSupply the dorsum of the hand, dorsal interossei, and dorsal aspects of proximal phalanges
- Dorsal scapular arterySupplies rhomboids, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, and contributes to the periscapular arterial…
- Dorsal scapular nerveMotor innervation to rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae
- Dorsal venous network of handPrincipal superficial venous drainage of the hand, facilitating unobstructed return during grasping
- Elbow bursae (Subcutaneous/subtendinous olecranon & bicipitoradial bursae)Reduces friction for triceps, biceps tendons, and skin over bony elbow prominences
- Elbow joint capsuleEncloses humeroulnar, humeroradial, and proximal radioulnar joints within a single synovial cavity
- Extensor Carpi Radialis BrevisExtends the wrist and stabilizes it during finger movements
- Extensor Carpi Radialis LongusExtends the wrist and moves it into radial deviation
- Extensor Carpi UlnarisExtends the wrist and moves it into ulnar deviation
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (humeral head)Extends and adducts (ulnarly deviates) the wrist
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Ulnar HeadExtension and ulnar deviation of the wrist
- Extensor Digiti MinimiExtends the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, independently of the other…
- Extensor DigitorumExtends fingers 2 through 5 at the metacarpophalangeal joint and assists wrist extension
- Extensor expansion of the hand (Extensor hood, lateral bands, intertendinous connections)Complex biomechanical apparatus coordinating MCP extension with PIP and DIP extension; balances intrinsic and…
- Extensor Hood of the Index FingerDistributes the pulling force of the extensors and intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and distal…
- Extensor Hood of the Little FingerDistributes the pulling force of the extensors and intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and distal…
- Extensor Hood of the Middle FingerDistributes the pulling force of extensor digitorum and the intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and…
- Extensor Hood of the Ring FingerDistributes the pulling force of extensor digitorum and the intrinsic hand muscles across the proximal and…
- Extensor IndicisExtends the index finger independently of the other fingers
- Extensor Pollicis BrevisExtends the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and contributes to abduction
- Extensor Pollicis LongusExtends the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and adducts the thumb
- Extensor Retinaculum (Wrist)A broad fibrous band running transversely across the dorsal wrist that holds the extensor tendons of the…
- Extensor retinaculum and dorsal extensor tendon sheaths of wrist (Compartments I–VI)Retinaculum prevents extensor tendon bowstringing; synovial sheaths provide low-friction glide channels for…
- External jugular veinDrains venous blood from the scalp, face, and superficial cervical regions
- Extrinsic wrist ligaments (Palmar and dorsal radio- and ulnocarpal ligaments)Primary extrinsic stabilizers preventing ulnar and volar translocation of the carpus on the inclined radial…
- Fibrous flexor sheaths and digital pulley systemPrevents tendon bowstringing during flexion, converting linear muscle contraction into efficient joint…
- First Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the index finger (away from the middle finger axis); assists MCP flexion and IP joint extension
- First LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the index finger
- First Palmar InterosseousAdduction of the index finger toward the middle finger axis
- Flexor Carpi RadialisFlexes the wrist and moves it into radial deviation
- Flexor Carpi UlnarisFlexes the wrist and moves it into ulnar deviation
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (humeral head)Flexes and adducts (ulnarly deviates) the wrist
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Ulnar HeadFlexion and ulnar deviation of the wrist
- Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (Hand)Flexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the little finger
- Flexor Digitorum ProfundusFlexes the DIP joints (and to a lesser extent the PIP, MCP joints and wrist) of fingers 2–5
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (humeroulnar head)Flexes the PIP joints of fingers 2–5; assists flexion of the MCP joints and wrist
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (radial head)Flexes the PIP joints of fingers 2–5
- Flexor Pollicis BrevisFlexes the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
- Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Superficial HeadFlexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb
- Flexor Pollicis LongusFlexes the interphalangeal joint and the MCP joint of the thumb
- Flexor retinaculum of the hand, carpal tunnel & flexor tendon sheathsForms roof of carpal tunnel, preventing bowstringing of 9 flexor tendons and median nerve; synovial sheaths…
- Fourth Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the ring finger toward the ulnar side (toward the little finger)
- Fourth LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the little finger
- Glenohumeral joint capsuleProvides expansive loose envelope accommodating extensive multi-planar range of motion
- Glenohumeral ligaments (Superior, Middle, and Inferior / IGHL complex)Primary passive anterior stabilizers: SGHL resists inferior translation at 0° abduction; MGHL resists…
- Glenoid labrumDeepens glenoid socket by 50%, enhances articular surface area, and provides seal for negative…
- Hamate boneCloses the carpal tunnel on the ulnar side and at the same time forms the radial wall of Guyon canal; the…
- Inferior ulnar collateral arteryCompletes the anteromedial periarticular anastomotic ring of the elbow
- InfraspinatusExternal rotation of the shoulder; stabilizes the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
- Internal thoracic artery (Internal mammary artery / LIMA)Supplies anterior chest wall, sternum, breast, pericardium, and anterior intercostal spaces
- Interosseous membrane of the forearmTransfers axial compressive loads from radius (80% wrist load) to ulna (major elbow articulation); origin for…
- Interosseous veins (Anterior and posterior)Provide deep venous drainage for the deep forearm compartments, radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
- Intertubercular tendon sheath of biceps (Long head of biceps sheath)Enables frictionless excursion of the biceps tendon as it traverses the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
- Intrinsic intercarpal ligaments (Scapholunate, Lunotriquetral, Radiate, etc.)Critical intrinsic stabilizers: Scapholunate (SL) ligament prevents DISI deformity (dorsal intercalated…
- Lateral thoracic arterySupplies serratus anterior, pectoralis muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and the lateral breast (lateral mammary…
- Lateral thoracic veinDrains deoxygenated blood from the anterolateral chest wall, breast, and axillary tissues
- Latissimus dorsiAdduction, internal rotation and extension of the shoulder
- Levator ScapulaeElevation of the scapula; assists lateral flexion of the neck to the same side
- Long thoracic nerve (Nerve of Bell)Pure motor innervation to the serratus anterior muscle (protraction and upward rotation of the scapula)
- Lunate boneCarries the main load transfer from the hand to the radius and forms the hinge between the radial and ulnar…
- Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm)Pure sensory innervation to the skin of the anterior and posterior medial forearm down to the wrist
- Medial brachial cutaneous nerve (Medial cutaneous nerve of arm)Pure sensory innervation to the skin of the medial aspect of the distal arm and axillary floor
- Median antebrachial veinDrains superficial venous blood from the palmar hand and anterior forearm
- Median cubital veinSuperficial venous shunt connecting the cephalic and basilic systems in the antecubital fossa
- Median nerveMotor to forearm pronators, wrist flexors (except FCU), finger flexors (except medial FDP), thenar muscles…
- Metacarpals and phalanges of the handProvides skeletal scaffold for palm and digits, enabling precision grip, power grip, and thumb opposition
- Middle collateral arterySupplies the medial head of triceps and forms the posterior olecranon rete articulare cubiti
- Musculocutaneous nerveMotor to the anterior arm flexor compartment (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis); sensory to the…
- Oblique cord of forearm (Chorda obliqua)Resists distally directed traction forces applied to the radius, complementing the interosseous membrane
- Oblique cord of interosseous membrane (Chorda obliqua)Stabilizes the proximal radioulnar syndesmosis and limits longitudinal displacement of the radius during…
- Opponens Digiti MinimiOpposes (flexion + rotation) the little finger toward the thumb, deepening the palm during gripping movements
- Opponens PollicisOpposes the thumb toward the other fingers (basis of the pincer and cylindrical grip)
- Palmar carpal branches (Palmar carpal network)Supplies the anterior carpal ligaments, volar periosteum, and wrist joint capsule
- Palmar digital arteries (Common and proper)Primary arterial supply to the digits, flexor tendon sheaths, and fingertip pulp
- Palmar metacarpal arteriesSupply the interosseous muscles, metacarpal bones, and connect the deep arch to the digital circulation
- Palmar venous arches (Superficial and deep)Drain deoxygenated blood from the digits, thenar, hypothenar, and midpalmar compartments
- Palmar venous network and digital veinsDrains the volar digits and palm, shunting blood to the dorsal venous system during palmar gripping
- Palmaris BrevisWrinkles the skin of the hypothenar eminence and deepens the hollow of the palm, reinforcing the grip
- Palmaris LongusTenses the palmar aponeurosis; weak wrist flexor
- Pectoral nerves (Lateral and medial)Motor innervation to pectoralis major (clavicular and sternocostal heads) and pectoralis minor
- Pectoralis MajorAdduction and internal rotation of the arm; the clavicular head flexes the arm, the sternocostal head is the…
- Pectoralis Major, Abdominal HeadDepression of the arm and support of adduction; the smallest of the three heads
- Pectoralis Major, Clavicular HeadFlexion and horizontal adduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
- Pectoralis Major, Sternocostal HeadAdduction and internal rotation of the arm; the main depressor of a raised arm
- Pectoralis MinorPulls the scapula forward and downward (protraction/depression); accessory muscle of respiration with a fixed…
- Perforating branches of metacarpal arteriesProvide vital collateral communications between deep palmar and dorsal arterial systems of the hand
- Periscapular and scapulothoracic bursaeEnables frictionless multi-planar motion of the scapulothoracic articulation across the rib cage
- Pisiform boneLengthens the lever arm of flexor carpi ulnaris and forms the ulnar wall of Guyon canal.
- Posterior circumflex humeral arteryMajor blood supply to the deltoid muscle, teres minor, long/lateral heads of triceps, and shoulder capsule
- Posterior interosseous arterySupplies the posterior forearm extensor muscles and contributes to the dorsal carpal arterial network
- Posterior ulnar recurrent arterySupplies the ulnar nerve (vasa nervorum) and the posteromedial aspect of the elbow joint
- Princeps pollicis arteryPrincipal arterial supply to the thumb musculature, pulp, and nail matrix
- Pronator QuadratusThe primary pronator of the forearm, most active during fast or resisted pronation
- Pronator Teres (humeral head)Pronates the forearm; weak flexor of the elbow
- Pronator Teres, Ulnar HeadPronation of the forearm and assists elbow flexion
- Quadrate ligament (Denucé's ligament)Reinforces the inferior capsule of the superior radioulnar joint; limits spin rotation in full pronation and…
- Radial arteryMajor blood supply to the lateral compartment of the forearm, thumb, index finger, and deep palmar structures
- Radial collateral arteryForms the anterolateral component of the periarticular arterial anastomoses of the elbow
- Radial collateral ligament complex of the elbow (LCL / LUCL)Primary passive restraint against varus stress and posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI)
- Radial nerveMotor to all extensor muscles of the arm (triceps, anconeus) and forearm (brachioradialis, wrist extensors,…
- Radial recurrent arterySupplies lateral elbow soft tissues and contributes to the periarticular cubital arterial anastomosis
- Radial veins (Venae comitantes of radial artery)Deep venous drainage of the lateral hand, thumb, and radial forearm musculature
- Radialis indicis arterySupplies the radial side of the index finger and first web space tissues
- Radiocarpal joint capsuleEncloses the radiocarpal synovial cavity; provides rich proprioceptive feedback for hand placement
- RadiusRotates around the ulna to produce forearm pronation and supination; forms major part of radiocarpal wrist…
- Recurrent interosseous arterySupplies the posterior elbow capsule, anconeus muscle, and participates in the cubital arterial anastomosis
- Rhomboid MajorRetraction and elevation of the scapula; downwardly rotates the glenoid cavity
- Rhomboid MinorRetraction and elevation of the scapula
- Roots of the brachial plexusForm the first part of the brachial plexus and supply all motor and sensory innervation of shoulder, arm and…
- Scaphoid boneForms the radial pillar of the wrist and forces the two rows to move together; it tilts palmarly in radial…
- Scapholunate ligamentHolds the scaphoid and lunate together as one unit, so that the proximal carpal row turns as a whole during…
- Second Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the middle finger toward the radial side (toward the thumb)
- Second LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the middle finger
- Second Palmar InterosseousAdduction of the ring finger toward the middle finger axis
- Serratus AnteriorProtracts the scapula and rotates it upward; holds the scapula against the thoracic wall
- Shoulder bladeForms mobile base for upper limb movement; glides on thoracic wall via scapulothoracic articulation
- Sternoclavicular joint complex (Ligaments, capsule, and disc)Sole skeletal articulation connecting upper limb to the axial skeleton; costoclavicular ligament acts as the…
- Subacromial-subdeltoid bursaLargest bursa in the body, providing a low-friction gliding plane between the coracoacromial arch and rotator…
- Subclavian arteryPrimary arterial trunk for the upper limb, brain (vertebral artery), neck, and anterior thoracic wall
- Subclavian nerve (Nerve to subclavius)Motor supply to subclavius muscle and sensory fibers to the sternoclavicular joint
- Subclavian veinMajor venous trunk draining the upper limb and receiving lymphatic drainage at the venous angle
- SubclaviusStabilizes and slightly depresses the clavicle; protects the underlying neurovascular bundle (brachial…
- Subscapular arteryPrimary arterial source supplying scapular musculature, latissimus dorsi, and scapular collateral network
- Subscapular nerves (Upper and lower)Motor innervation to subscapularis (internal rotator of humerus) and teres major (adduction/internal rotation)
- SubscapularisInternal rotation of the shoulder; as part of the rotator cuff it stabilizes the humeral head in the glenoid…
- Subtendinous Bursa of the InfraspinatusReduces friction between the infraspinatus tendon and the underlying shoulder joint capsule
- Superficial palmar archPrimary source of oxygenated blood to the palmar aspects of digits II through V
- Superficial veins of upper limbCutaneous thermoregulation and venous drainage of superficial arm tissues
- Superior and inferior transverse scapular ligamentsConverts bony scapular notches into fibro-osseous tunnels transmitting suprascapular nerve and vessels
- Superior thoracic arterySupplies the subclavius, upper pectoralis major/minor, and upper intercostal muscles
- Superior ulnar collateral arterySupplies the ulnar nerve and participates in the posteromedial periarticular anastomosis of the elbow
- SupinatorSupination of the forearm
- Suprascapular arterySupplies supraspinatus, infraspinatus, clavicle, and the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints
- Suprascapular nerveMotor to supraspinatus (initiates abduction 0–15°) and infraspinatus (external rotation); sensory to…
- SupraspinatusInitiates shoulder abduction (first ~15°) and stabilizes the glenohumeral joint (rotator cuff)
- Synovial digital flexor sheaths of handProvides synovial lubrication and metabolic support via vincula tendinum for FDS and FDP tendons
- Tendon sheath of fifth extensor compartment (EDM)Ensures low-friction gliding of the independent small finger extensor across the DRUJ
- Tendon sheath of first extensor compartment (APL and EPB)Facilitates low-friction gliding of the thumb abductor and extensor tendons across the radial styloid process
- Tendon sheath of flexor carpi radialisGuides and lubricates the primary wrist flexor across the scaphoid and trapezium bones
- Tendon sheath of flexor pollicis longus (Radial bursa)Provides low-friction synovial gliding and nutrition for the flexor pollicis longus tendon
- Tendon sheath of fourth extensor compartment (ED and EI)Facilitates frictionless excursion of the digital extensor tendons across the wrist joint
- Tendon sheath of second extensor compartment (ECRL and ECRB)Enables smooth excursion of the primary wrist extensors across the radiocarpal joint
- Tendon sheath of sixth extensor compartment (ECU)Provides dynamic stabilization to the ulnar side of the wrist while guiding wrist extension and ulnar…
- Tendon Sheath of the Long Head of BicepsNo contractile function: the synovial sheath reduces friction of the long head of biceps tendon in the…
- Tendon sheath of third extensor compartment (EPL)Acts as a biomechanical pulley redirecting EPL vector across Lister's tubercle to enable thumb hyperextension
- Teres MajorInternal rotation, adduction, and extension of the shoulder
- Teres MinorExternal rotation of the shoulder; part of the rotator cuff
- Third Dorsal InterosseousAbduction of the middle finger toward the ulnar side (toward the little finger)
- Third LumbricalFlexion of the MCP joint with simultaneous extension of the IP joints of the ring finger
- Third Palmar InterosseousAdduction of the little finger toward the middle finger axis
- Thoracoacromial arteryVascularizes deltoid, pectoralis major and minor, subclavius, and the acromioclavicular joint region
- Thoracodorsal arteryPrimary blood supply to the latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, and overlying cutaneous tissues
- Thyrocervical trunkSupplies the thyroid gland, larynx, pharynx, deep neck muscles, and scapular anastomosis
- Transverse cervical arterySupplies trapezius, levator scapulae, and deep posterior cervical musculature
- Transverse humeral ligament and biceps tendon sheath (Brodie's ligament)Converts the intertubercular groove into a canal, retaining the long head of the biceps brachii tendon and…
- Trapezium boneCarries the thumb base joint and so makes thumb opposition possible, the movement the human grasping hand…
- Trapezius, ascending part (lower fibers)Depresses the scapula (pulling the shoulder blade downward) and assists upward rotation of the glenoid cavity
- Trapezius, descending part (upper fibers)Elevates the scapula (shoulder shrug) and assists upward rotation of the glenoid cavity, together with the…
- Trapezius, transverse part (middle fibers)Retracts the scapula (pulling the shoulder blades together) and assists upward rotation of the glenoid cavity
- Trapezoid boneAnchors the second ray and so forms, with the capitate, the fixed central pillar around which the hand folds.
- Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC / Ulnocarpal disc)Primary stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) and major shock absorber of the ulnar wrist…
- Triceps BrachiiExtends the elbow; the long head also extends and adducts the shoulder
- Triceps Brachii, Lateral HeadExtends the elbow
- Triceps Brachii, Long HeadExtends the elbow; also extends and adducts the shoulder (crosses both joints)
- Triceps Brachii, Medial HeadExtends the elbow
- Triquetral boneCarries the ulnar pillar of the wrist and limits ulnar deviation through its oblique contact with the hamate.
- Trunks of brachial plexus (Superior, middle, inferior)Primary conduit distributing all motor and sensory fibers to the upper extremity and shoulder girdle
- UlnaActs as stabilizing axis for the forearm and primary hinge of the elbow joint
- Ulnar arteryPrimary arterial supply to the medial forearm flexors, hypothenar eminence, and digits via the superficial…
- Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbowMain stabiliser against valgus load at the elbow; the anterior band is the strongest part
- Ulnar collateral ligament of the wristLimits radial deviation of the wrist and stabilises its ulnar side
- Ulnar nerveMotor to FCU, medial half of FDP, all hypothenar muscles, all interossei, lumbricals 3 & 4, adductor…
- Ulnar veins (Venae comitantes of ulnar artery)Deep venous drainage of the medial hand, hypothenar eminence, and anterior medial forearm muscles
- Upper arm boneLong bone of the upper arm providing structural framework and lever for arm elevation, rotation, and elbow…
- Vertebral arterySupplies blood to the cervical spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior cerebral hemispheres (circle…