Structures

Viscera (heart, lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract)

Heart (four chambers, papillary muscles, valves), lungs with lobes and segmental bronchial tree, liver with the eight liver segments, stomach, duodenum/jejunum, colon, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, gallbladder, bladder, prostate, thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea, and esophagus. Separate layer alongside the trunk muscles/bones, toggled independently.

51 entries

• Accessory pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini)Drains the anterosuperior portion of the pancreatic headDuctus pancreaticus accessorius (Santorini)
• Anterior papillary muscle of right ventricleTethers the tricuspid valve cusps during ventricular systole to prevent valve prolapse into the right atriumMusculus papillaris anterior ventriculi dextri
• Aortic valvePrevents regurgitant flow from the systemic circulation into the left ventricle during diastole and…Valva aortae
• Ascending colonReabsorption of water, sodium, and chloride from liquid ileal effluent, condensing fecal matterColon ascendens
• Common bile ductTransports bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum for lipid digestionDuctus choledochus (Ductus biliaris)
• Descending colonStores and transports solid fecal matter while completing water and electrolyte resorptionColon descendens
• DuodenumNeutralizes gastric chyme, receives bile and pancreatic enzymes via the major duodenal papilla (ampulla of…Duodenum
• EsophagusPropels food boluses and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach via coordinated peristalsisOesophagus
• GallbladderStores, concentrates (up to 10-fold), and expels bile into the duodenum in response to cholecystokinin (CCK)…Vesica biliaris (Vesica fellea)
• Inferior lobe of left lungCarries out the majority of dependent alveolar gas exchange and ventilation in the left lungLobus inferior pulmonis sinistri
• Inferior lobe of right lungProvides the greatest volumetric gas exchange capacity of the right lungLobus inferior pulmonis dextri
• Inferior parathyroid glandsSecretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate systemic calcium homeostasisGlandula parathyroidea inferior
• JejunumPrimary site for absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, and water across dense plicae…Jejunum
• KidneyPlasma ultrafiltration, excretion of metabolic waste (urea, creatinine), regulation of fluid/electrolytes and…Ren (Nephros)
• Left atriumReceives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary circulation and propels it into the left ventricle during…Atrium sinistrum cordis
• Left liver segments I-IV (Couinaud classification)Autonomous functional units supplied by left portal triad branches and draining via the left hepatic vein…Segmenta hepatis I, II, III et IV (Couinaud)
• Left lobar bronchiAir conduction dedicated to the two distinct left pulmonary lobesBronchi lobares sinistri (superior et inferior)
• Left main bronchusConducts air to and from the left lung; narrower, longer (~5 cm), and more horizontally angled (~45°) than…Bronchus principalis sinister
• Left ventricleGenerates high systemic systolic pressure to pump oxygenated blood throughout the bodyVentriculus sinister cordis
• LiverMetabolic master organ: bile synthesis, plasma protein production (albumin, clotting factors),…Hepar
• Main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung)Conveys bicarbonate- and enzyme-rich exocrine pancreatic juice into the second part of the duodenumDuctus pancreaticus (Wirsung)
• Meso-appendixSuspends the appendix and carries the appendicular artery (branch of the ileocolic artery), veins,…Mesoappendix (Mesenteriolum appendicis vermiformis)
• MesocolonSuspends mobile colon segments and provides conduit for colic vessels, lymph nodes, and autonomic nervesMesocolon
• Middle lobe of right lungVentilates the anteromedial mid-zone of the right lungLobus medius pulmonis dextri
• Mitral valveMaintains unidirectional blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle, preventing regurgitation during…Valva atrioventricularis sinistra (Valva mitralis)
• PancreasDual endocrine/exocrine function: secretes digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, proteases) and alkaline…Pancreas
• Posterior (inferior) papillary muscle of right ventricleAnchors tricuspid cusps during right ventricular systoleMusculus papillaris inferior (posterior) ventriculi dextri
• Posteromedial (inferior) papillary muscle of left ventriclePrevents mitral valve leaflet prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular systoleMusculus papillaris inferior (posterior) ventriculi sinistri
• Prostate glandProduces alkaline prostatic fluid (~30% of semen volume, containing PSA and acid phosphatase) that liquefies…Prostata
• Pulmonary valvePrevents backward regurgitation of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle during diastoleValva trunci pulmonalis
• Renal pelvisActs as a conduit collecting urine from the renal pyramids and propelling it into the ureter via…Pelvis renalis (Pyelos)
• Right atriumCollects systemic venous blood and transfers it into the right ventricle for pulmonary oxygenationAtrium dextrum cordis
• Right liver segments V-VIII (Couinaud classification)Performs 60-70% of total hepatic metabolic workload, supplied by the right portal triad and drained by the…Segmenta hepatis V, VI, VII et VIII (Couinaud)
• Right lobar bronchi and bronchus intermediusSupplies air to the three right pulmonary lobes (upper, middle, lower)Bronchi lobares dextri et bronchus intermedius
• Right main bronchusConducts air to the three lobes of the right lung; wider, shorter, and more vertical (~25°) than the left…Bronchus principalis dexter
• Right ventriclePumps deoxygenated blood under low vascular resistance into the pulmonary arterial tree for oxygenationVentriculus dexter cordis
• Segmental bronchi of left lungConduct air to anatomically and surgically independent bronchopulmonary segmentsBronchi segmentales pulmonis sinistri (B I - B X)
• Segmental bronchi of right lungSupply discrete anatomical and surgical units with air for gas exchangeBronchi segmentales pulmonis dextri (B I - B X)
• Septal papillary muscle of right ventricleAnchors the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve; smallest and most anatomically variable papillary muscleMusculus papillaris septalis ventriculi dextri
• Sigmoid colonStores fecal matter prior to defecation and propels it into the rectum via mass movementsColon sigmoideum
• SpleenLargest lymphoid organ: blood filtration and culling of senescent erythrocytes (red pulp), adaptive immune…Splen (Lien)
• StomachMechanical churning of food, chemical digestion via gastric acid (HCl) and pepsin, synthesis of intrinsic…Gaster (Ventriculus)
• Superior lobe of left lungFacilitates alveolar gas exchange for the upper and anterior portions of the left hemithoraxLobus superior pulmonis sinistri
• Superior lobe of right lungUpper right hemithorax oxygenation and ventilationLobus superior pulmonis dextri
• Superior parathyroid glandsSynthesizes and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to raise serum calcium via osteoclast activation, renal…Glandula parathyroidea superior
• Thyroid glandSynthesizes and secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) regulating basal metabolic rate, oxygen consumption,…Glandula thyroidea
• TracheaConducts air between the larynx and bronchial tree while warming, humidifying, and clearing debris via the…Trachea
• Transverse colonWater/electrolyte absorption and bacterial fermentation of prebiotic dietary fiberColon transversum
• Tricuspid valvePrevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular systoleValva atrioventricularis dextra
• Urinary bladderStores urine (normal capacity 300-500 mL) and empties via coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle and…Vesica urinaria
• Vermiform appendixHouses gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT/MALT) with immune surveillance and acts as a bacterial reservoir…Appendix vermiformis