Knowledge base

Joints

Joint type, movements with plane, axis and normal range, close-packed and resting position, capsular pattern and arthrokinematics.

• Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)Ball and socket joint (art. spheroidea), three degrees of freedomShoulder
• Acromioclavicular jointPlane joint (art. plana) with a disc, three degrees of freedom with small excursionShoulder
• Sternoclavicular jointSaddle joint with a disc (art. sellaris), functionally three degrees of freedomShoulder
• Elbow jointCompound joint: humero-ulnar (hinge, ginglymus), humeroradial (restricted ball and socket) and proximal…Elbow
• Distal radio-ulnar jointPivot joint (art. trochoidea), one degree of freedompols
• Wrist joint (radiocarpal joint)Ellipsoid joint (art. ellipsoidea), two degrees of freedompols
• Hip jointBall and socket joint with a deep socket (art. cotylica), three degrees of freedomHip
• Knee jointCompound pivot hinge (trochoginglymus): femorotibial and femoropatellar, two degrees of freedomKnee
• Ankle joint (talocrural joint)Hinge joint (ginglymus), one degree of freedomenkel
• Subtalar jointCompound joint with one oblique axis, one degree of freedomenkel
• Proximal tibiofibular jointPlane joint (art. plana), small translationsKnee
• Sacroiliac jointPartly synovial, partly syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis), very small excursionPelvis
• Pubic symphysisSymphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint), minimal movementPelvis
• Patellofemoral joint (art. patellofemoralis)Gliding joint inside the knee capsule, one degree of freedom with guided translationKnee
• Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis (syndesmosis tibiofibularis)Syndesmosis (fibrous joint), no cartilage and no capsuleenkel
• Talocalcaneonavicular joint (art. talocalcaneonavicularis)Ball-and-socket joint with a composite socket, functionally one oblique axisenkel
• Calcaneocuboid joint (art. calcaneocuboidea)Saddle joint, two degrees of freedom with small excursionvoet
• Tarsometatarsal joints, Lisfranc line (artt. tarsometatarsales)Plane joints (artt. planae), amphiarthroses with very little excursionvoet
• Metatarsophalangeal joints (artt. metatarsophalangeales)Ball-and-socket joints (artt. sphaeroideae), in practice mostly flexion and extensionvoet
• Interphalangeal joints of the foot (artt. interphalangeales pedis)Hinge joints (ginglymi), one degree of freedomvoet
• Facet joints (artt. zygapophysiales)Plane joints (artt. planae) with a true capsule and synoviumSpine
• Atlantoaxial joint (art. atlantoaxialis)Compound: a median pivot joint (art. trochoidea) plus two lateral plane jointsSpine
• Intervertebral disc (symphysis intervertebralis)Symphysis (cartilaginous joint), no capsule and no joint cavitySpine
• Sternocostal joints (artt. sternocostales)First rib a synchondrosis, ribs 2 to 7 true joints with a capsulethorax
• Costovertebral joint (art. capitis costae)Plane joint (art. plana) with two facets and an intra-articular ligamentthorax
• Costotransverse joint (art. costotransversaria)Plane joint (art. plana); slightly convex in the upper thorax, flatter lower downthorax