Knowledge base

Conditions

Mechanism, recognition, course and management, with the structures, joints and tests that belong to them.

• Lateral ankle ligament injuryForced inversion with plantar flexion. In that position the anterior talofibular ligament alone is under…Ankle and foot
• Syndesmotic injury (high ankle sprain)Forced external rotation of the foot with dorsiflexion, in which the wider front of the talar trochlea drives…Ankle and foot
• Achilles tendon ruptureA sudden eccentric load on an already degenerative tendon, usually on push-off or an unexpected step…Ankle and foot
• Plantar fasciopathyOverload of the plantar aponeurosis at its attachment on the calcaneal tuberosity, usually from an increase…Ankle and foot
• Anterior cruciate ligament injuryUsually a non-contact injury: landing or cutting with the knee in valgus and the tibia in external rotation,…Knee
• Patellofemoral pain syndromeA disturbed balance between load and load capacity of the patellofemoral joint. Increased training volume,…Knee
• Meniscal injuryIn younger people a twisting movement on a loaded, flexed knee; in older people more often a degenerative…Knee
• Subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS)An umbrella term for pain in the subacromial space, where the supraspinatus tendon and the…Shoulder
• Rotator cuff tearIn older people usually degenerative, starting in the supraspinatus tendon near its insertion on the greater…Shoulder
• Acromioclavicular dislocationA fall directly on the point of the shoulder with the arm at the side. First the acromioclavicular ligament…Shoulder
• Low back painIn the great majority of cases no identifiable structure produces the pain. The guideline therefore speaks of…Spine
• Lumbosacral radicular syndromeIrritation or compression of a lumbosacral nerve root, usually from a disc herniation bulging…Spine
• Adductor-related groin painOverload of the adductors, usually at their attachment on the pubis, in sports with much cutting, turning and…Hip
• Femoroacetabular impingementA bony morphology in which the femoral neck (cam) or the acetabular rim (pincer) abut on flexion with…Hip
• Hip osteoarthritisLoss of articular cartilage with a reaction of the underlying bone and the capsule. It is not wear from use…Hip
• Scaphoid fractureA fall on the outstretched hand with the wrist in dorsiflexion. The blood supply of the scaphoid runs from…Wrist and hand
• Carpal tunnel syndromeCompression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, between the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum.…Wrist and hand
• Posterior cruciate ligament injuryA blow to the front of the lower leg with the knee flexed: the dashboard injury in a collision, or a fall…Knee
• Medial collateral ligament injuryA valgus force on the knee, usually from an outside blow or landing with the knee falling inward. The…Knee
• Patellar tendinopathyRepeated explosive loading of the extensor mechanism, typically in jumping sports. The condition almost…Knee
• Iliotibial band syndromeCompression of the fat pad beneath the tract against the lateral femoral condyle at around 30 degrees of knee…Knee
• Patellar dislocationThe patella shifts laterally out of the trochlea, usually in flexion with valgus and external rotation of the…Knee
• Medial tibial stress syndromeOverload of the bone-periosteum transition along the medial border of the tibia, from repeated impact in…Ankle and foot
• Chronic exertional compartment syndromeOn exertion the muscle swells in a compartment whose fascia can no longer yield, so pressure rises and…Ankle and foot
• Lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow)Overload of the common extensor tendon at the lateral epicondyle, usually in the extensor carpi radialis…Elbow
• Medial epicondylalgia (golfer's elbow)Overload of the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle, from repeated forceful flexion of wrist and…Elbow
• Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)Fibrosis and shortening of the glenohumeral capsule, with the coracohumeral ligament and rotator interval…Shoulder
• Glenohumeral instabilityIn the traumatic form the head dislocates anteroinferiorly on abduction with external rotation, tearing the…Shoulder
• Thoracic outlet syndromeCompression of the brachial plexus or the vessels in one of three narrow passages: between the scalene…Shoulder
• Scapholunate dissociationRupture of the scapholunate ligament, usually from a fall on the outstretched hand. Without that ligament the…Wrist and hand
• TFCC injuryDamage to the triangular fibrocartilage complex, the cartilage disc with its ligaments on the ulnar side of…Wrist and hand
• De Quervain's tenosynovitisThickening of the tendon sheath of the first extensor compartment, where the abductor pollicis longus and…Wrist and hand
• Thumb base osteoarthritisCartilage loss in the saddle joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal. On pinching that joint…Wrist and hand
• Cervical radiculopathyIrritation of a cervical nerve root, in older people usually from narrowing of the intervertebral foramen by…Spine
• Cervical myelopathyCompression of the spinal cord itself in the cervical canal, usually from a combination of disc protrusion,…Spine
• Lumbar spinal stenosisNarrowing of the vertebral canal by three processes at once: hypertrophy of the ligamenta flava, facet joint…Spine
• Cauda equina syndromeCompression of the nerve root bundle below the end of the spinal cord, usually from a large midline disc…Spine
• SpondylolisthesisForward slippage of one vertebra over the one below, usually L5 over S1. In young people from a stress…Spine
• Sacroiliac joint related painPain arising from the sacroiliac joint, usually from disturbed load transfer between trunk and leg.…Pelvis
• OsteoarthritisAn active process of the whole joint: cartilage loss with a reaction of the underlying bone, the capsule and…
• TendinopathyA response of the tendon to load exceeding its capacity to recover. It involves matrix change and an increase…
• Muscle strainTearing of muscle fibres under an eccentric load stretching the fibre too fast or too far. Biarticular…