Skull (colored per bone)

Skull

Cranium

Origin

Consists of neurocranium (braincase) and viscerocranium (facial skeleton); articulates with the atlas (C1)

Insertion

Attachment site for muscles of facial expression, mastication (masseter, temporalis), and deep neck extensors

Function

Encloses and protects the brain and sensory organs; forms the oral and nasal cavities for respiration, mastication, and speech

Innervation

Cranial nerves (notably trigeminal nerve CN V for sensation/mastication, facial nerve CN VII for facial expression)

Movement & chain

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) provides jaw depression, elevation, protrusion, retrusion, and lateral excursion

Palpation

Zygomatic arch, mandibular angle/body, mastoid process, and external occipital protuberance

Clinical

Skull base fractures (Battle sign, raccoon eyes, CSF rhinorrhea); TMJ disorders; concussion and intracranial hemorrhage

Segmental innervation

Cranial nerves I–XII & C1–C3

In clinical practice

Fundamental for neurological cranial nerve exam, Glasgow Coma Scale assessment, and airway management

Region in the model

Skull (colored per bone)